Archive for December, 2005

“Peak oil” vrijeme sa biodizelom

“Peak oil” je trenutak kada crpljenje nafte dosegne maksimum u točki koja kao takva označava početak kraja ere fosilnih goriva. Problem predstavlja činjenica da je nafta traženija nego ikada prije, a ima je sve manje po sve višim cijenama.

Tu točku čovječanstvo je dostiglo možda baš danas. Trenutna dnevna potrošnja nafte u svijetu od 82 milijuna barela, možda je i najveća povijesna potrošnja nafte ikad. U situaciji kada ju svi trebaju, ona baš i nije najsretnije rješenje za one koji je nemaju dovoljno. Očito dolazi vrijeme za down drug. Čovječanstvo žudi za umirenjem nakon stoljetnog civilizacijskog oil hypea zaklonjenog nuklearnim kišobranom. Naftni vrhunac je početak ovisničke krize popraćene dugotrajnom borbom za preživljavanje. Nuke age. Fallout.

No, što to znači za sve nas? Ima li odjeba?

Zamislite da se početkom stoljeća, kada je nafta prevladala zbog niže cijene, ipak nekim slučajem dogodila obratna situacija u korist biljnih ulja. Da smo umjesto benzina počeli proizvoditi biodizel, transesterificirani energent iz uljarica: uljane repice, suncokreta, algi, kokosa…, sposoban zamijeniti naftu ”in most current uses?”

Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853, by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick, many years before the first diesel engine became functional. Rudolf Diesel’s prime model, a single 10 ft (3 m) iron cylinder with a flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time in Augsburg, Germany on August 10, 1893. In remembrance of this event, August 10 has been declared International Biodiesel Day.

Kada pričamo o biodizelu moramo biti svjesni činjenice da nisu sve uljane kulture jednako izdašne za proizvodnju goriva za motore s unutrašnjim sagorijevanjem. Čista kemija; neka ulja naime u kemijskim reakcijama rezultiraju nastajanjem peroksida, a daljnjim reakcijama i do stvaranja plastičnih masa što je pogubno za precizne motore. Kada pričamo o ovakvim procesima polimerizacije najvažnija stvar o kojoj moramo voditi računa je Iodine Value (IV) u uljima proizvedenima iz uljarica. Niži IV znači da se ulje može koristiti bez dodatne posebne obrade i filtritanja, te da su motori pogonjeni ovakvim uljem trajniji i lakše se održavaju (isplativiji!). Da ne dužim i ne odem preširoko reću ću da je nekakva normalna i zadovoljavajuća te prihvatljiva vrijednost IV u ulju u odnosu na životni vijek i isplativost održavanja motora oko 50. Ulje iz kokosa ima IV vrijednost 10, a različite alge < 25.

Nedavno, kada sam pisao o biodizelu možda sam nespretno iznio preoštru kritiku, no sječa prašuma zbog repromaterijala za to gorivo svakako nije rješenje. Kao što za održivi razvoj rješenje nije uzgoj velikih površina uljarica na kojima se troši puno pesticida, herbicida, a mehanizacija koja obrađuje polja utroši više energije za uzgoj nego li se dobiva od biodizela iz uzgojene kulture! Dakle nema pozitivne CO2 računice. U ovom slučaju izbacivanje CO2 u atmosferu je veće nego što ga mogu iskoristiti biljke na Zemlji za svoj rast, pa gledajući u bolju budućnost ništa dobro ne radimo.

Writer George Monbiot wrote in a column for The Guardian that land clearance by cutting and burning large forest trees frees large amounts of carbon dioxide that is never reabsorbed by the smaller oil palms. Thus, biodiesel produced from plantation-grown palm oil may be a net source of carbon dioxide.

Prekretnica bi se mogla dogoditi ako se ojača proizvodnja biodizela od ulja iz algi. Alge koje sadrže 50% ulja najiskoristivije su biljke za proizvodnju biodizela. U usporedbi sa sojom ili uljanom repicom, koje daju 50 odnosno 150 kubika ulja po km2 površine, alge daju 10 do 20 tisuća kubika! Uzgoj algi dodatno bi povećao apsorpciju CO2 iz atmosfere, dok recimo polje soye konzumira 4 puta više CO2 nego što se emitira sagorijevanjem boidizela dobivenog cijeđenjem soye s toga polja!

Some have concluded that it is likely that the United States, with one of the highest per capita energy demands of any country, does not have enough arable land to fuel all of the nation’s vehicles. Other developed and developing nations may be in better situations, although many regions cannot afford to divert land away from food production. For third world countries, biodiesel sources that use marginal land could make more sense, e.g. honge nuts grown along roads.

More recent studies using a species of algae that has oil contents of as high as 50% have concluded that as little as 28,000 km˛ or 0.3% of the land area of the US could be utilized to produce enough biodiesel to replace all transportation fuel the country currently utilizes. Further encouragement comes from the fact that the land that could be most effective in growing the algae is desert land with high solar irradiation, but lower economic value for other uses and that the algae could utilize farm waste and excess CO2 from factories to help speed the growth of the algae.

Ukoliko korporacije posijeku šume i Zemlja još više izgubi mogućnost čišćenja CO2 iz atmosfere, biodizel bi mogao izgubiti svoj potencijal. Logično bi bilo uzgajati alge u pustinjama i saditi šume koje će filtrirati izbačeni CO2.

Razbijanje mita o biodizelu

Znate li onaj osjećaj kada sljubite detalje u jednu spoznajno veću razinu? Pila se graševina, lagano. Tako mi čavrljasmo o bezvez-neznam li čemu kad frend spomene - biodiesel.

Šume u Trećim zemljama, baja moj, ne sijeku se samo zbog genetski modificirane soje, kukuruza, naftnih nalazišta, nego i zbog proizvodnje uljarica za biodiesel.

Different plants produce usable oil at different rates. Some studies have shown the following annual production:
•Soybean: 40 to 50 US gal/acre (40 to 50 m3/km2)
•Rapeseed: 110 to 145 US gal/acre (100 to 140 m3/km2)
•Mustard: 140 US gal/acre (130 m3/km2)
•Jatropha: 175 US gal/acre (160 m3/km2)
•Palm oil: 650 US gal/acre (610 m3/km2)
•Algae: 10,000 to 20,000 US gal/acre (10,000 to 20,000 m3/km2)

There is ongoing research into finding more suitable crops and improving oil yield. Using the current yields, vast amounts of land and fresh water would be needed to produce enough oil to completely replace fossil fuel usage.

Biodizel se može dobiti od skoro bilo kojeg biljnog ulja, pa tako i od ulja canabisa.

Biodizel se može dobiti od skoro bilo kojeg biljnog ulja, pa tako i od ulja canabisa.

Nedavno sam pisao o GM soji u Argentini i uništavanju cjelokupne tamošnje poljoprivrede, na kojoj se umjesto tradicionalnih poljoprivrednih kultura sada uzgaja GMO soja za proizvodnju biodiesela. Ugodno omamljen drugom čašicom tog prirodnog sklada okusa, mirisa, pitkosti i… sine mi u glavi «Biodizel je još jedan mit!» Mislim na eko-logičnost, jel.

In September, Friends of the Earth published a report about the impact of palm oil production. “Between 1985 and 2000,” it found, “the development of oil-palm plantations was responsible for an estimated 87 per cent of deforestation in Malaysia”. In Sumatra and Borneo, some 4 million hectares of forest have been converted to palm farms. Now a further 6 million hectares are scheduled for clearance in Malaysia, and 16.5 million in Indonesia.

Već zamišljam kako se vozimo na GMO soju koja je uzgojena na poljima srušenih prašuma i osušenih tresetišta, misleći kako štitimo prirodu. Problem prekomjerne sječe šuma nije prisutan samo u Argentini ili Brazilu, već i u Indoneziji zbog hype proizvodnje palminog ulja. Zašto?

Potražnja biodiesela u Europi u stalnom je porastu…najveća tržišta su Njemačka, Francuska i Italija…

…there is a growing trend towards eco-fuel in other EU countries as well. The European Parliament is lending its vigorous support to this development. A corresponding directive was passed on May 8, 2003, scheduled to come into effect at the start of 2005. It requires member states to ensure that a minimum proportion of biofuels and other renewable fuels is brought onto their markets. All EU members are being asked to make sure the figure is at least two percent by the end of 2005, and 5.75 percent by 2010.

Iako nam se na prvi pogled čini kako je masovna proizvodnja biodizela nekakav spas za nas i prirodu, istina je potpuno drugačija. Proizvodnja biodizela planira se na bazi GMO uljarica što u kombinaciji sa sječom prašuma i tresetišta može samo ubrzati globalno zagrijavanje i zagađenje atmosfere.

Konferencija “Axis for peace”

Nedavno se u Briselu održala konferencija Axis for peace na kojoj se govorilo o nužnosti uspostave svjetskog pravnog poretka i mira. Konferenciju je priredila organizacija The Réseau Voltaire pozivajući se na zaključke haških konferencija iz 1899. i 1907. te Bandunške konferencije iz 1955. koja je osim odlučnih 10 točaka u borbi protiv svakog oblika kolonijalizma, dala dodatan impuls osnivanju Pokreta nesvrstanih. I zaista, dok čitam web retke Axis for peace, prisjećam se Nasera, Tita i Nehrua koji su željeli jedan pravedniji svijet. Koliko će u naumu širenja ideje mira uspijeti ova ekipa ne znam, ali dajem im svu podršku i na ovaj način nastojim proširiti njihovu želju za širenjem dijaloga o miru.

FINAL DECLARATION

A military coalition has launched itself into an unbridled exploitation of the world’s resources and energy reserves. Fuelled by neo-conservatives, it has increased its attacks, practicing all forms of interference, from forcing changes in regimes to colonial-style expansionism. This coalition continually violates the principles of international law as they were established by the conference of the Hague and laid out in the San Francisco Charter.

This group masks its ambitions by intoxicating the media and by deceiving international organizations. It practices a double standard by unjustly accusing those who stand in their way of not respecting the rules whilst violating them themselves. The coalition betrays democratic ideals when claiming to serve them through military occupation.

To justify their thirst for conquest, they form terrorist groups with the aim of manipulating them, create pretexts for military action, propagate theories of an international Muslim plot and fuel conflicts between civilizations. They seize power for themselves and contribute to pushing humanity toward ruin and disorder.

To stop this process, we appeal to the well-intentioned permanent members of the UN Security Council. We ask them to enforce the respect of the sovereignty of nations, which forms the basis of international law and constitutes a precondition for the development of democracy in its genuine form. We deplore that France, initially opposed to the invasion of Irak, has joined the ranks of those who proffer menaces against new targets.

We salute the mediation of Russia who stands by the application of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, and the presumption of innocence in international relations. We call upon the UN General Assembly to support Russia’s efforts in favor of the re-establishment of a multilateral dialogue; to support its strong stance against financing terrorism, double standards in international politics and the interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states.

On our behalf, we engage ourselves, similarly to that which has been done in Latin America, to continue to mobilize public opinion in order to combat hatred and propaganda and to reject all projects of global domination and exploitation.

It is time to unite and to ensure peace.

MANIFESTO

The sovereignty of the peoples, a precondition to the establishment of democracy, is today being challenged by certain members of the United Nations’ Security Council, in spite of the International Rights drafted by the Hague Conferences and stated by the UN San Francisco Charter.

Some peoples have been deprived of their freedom to choose their political system, of their cultural identity, of their natural resources’, and of the fruit of their labour.

State-supported transnational armed groups have wreaked terror in other states in order to destabilise and weaken them. Based on fictional allegations, a coalition has asserted its right to self-defense in order to militarily impose complacent regimes, and take control of communication corridors and oil fields. State-related associations, supposedly dedicated to the promotion of noble ideals, have financed street protests aimed at overthrowing governments.

The main challenge to world peace is the phenomenon of extremism on all sides, including governments and oppositions.

An ideology of hatred is spreading, discriminating and humiliating some civilisations. It is inevitably leading to a conflict. Proclaiming the superiority of a lifestyle, it is summoning its expansion by the means of force.

The will to power, and war, are back.

We want to save international peace.

That is why we are inviting intellectuals and political leaders of good will to gather and debate, on November 17th and 18th 2005, in Brussels, to exchange analysies and propose viable solutions in order to reactivate international law and mechanisms for peaceful solutions to world disagreements.

Zanimljivo je da su na konferenciji, pored niza novinara i intelektualaca iz cijeloga svijeta sudjelovala i dva autora zanimljivih knjiga o rušenju Twinsa. To su Thierry Meyssan, autor knjige “Velika obmana: 11. rujna 2001.” i bivši njemački ministar i stručnjak za pitanja tajnih službi Andreas von Bülow, autor knjige “CIA i 11. rujna”. Obje knjige prevedene su na hrvatski.